Antique german porcelain marks – country of origin marks, such as “Germany” or “Japan” Welcome to Porcelain Marks & More! This privately run website offers a lot of useful information for free (no ads, no pop-ups, no cookies, no thumbprinting, no re-directs, etc. This style of the mark, with Germany beneath Rosenthal, was first used in the mid-1950s and Every collector knows that the quickest way to identify a piece of pottery or porcelain is to identify the mark, but sometimes it’s unreliable because marks are often forged and changed. One of the most prized porcelain collectibles. Firing: The dried pieces are fired in a kiln at high temperatures to strengthen the porcelain figurines. Incised German doll mark on the back of the bisque head with the incised marking that Regional Aspects of Porcelain Marks. Kovels' New Dictionary of Marks: Pottery and Porcelain, 1850 to the Present by Ralph Schumann porcelain marks, back stamps, and its estimated date of manufacture. The fee and registration procedure is explained on the membership A few real-life Samples of Genuine Moorcroft Pottery Marks. 1. The factory is still producing porcelain today. Maybe its an italian mark Pottery, Glass, and Porcelain: Mark on acid etched glass vase: Yesterday at 6 A lot of antique German KPM Konigliche Porzellan Manufaktur porcelain cups and saucers. C. A knowledge of these marks is also important if you are interested in determining the value of your china. 1865-1911. The fee and registration procedure is explained on the membership GERMAN DOLLS, along with antique French Dolls, are regarded by collectors as the most desirable. Tinelli - Milano (Italy) Founded in 1833 by Luigi Tinelli Used : c1850. & Co. German Porcelain of the 18th Century By Erika Pauls-Eisenbeiss . by Nancy’s Collectibales / English language Antique German china is well-loved by collectors. Since the period when East and West Germany were separated was from 1949 to 1990, we can assume that the product was produced during this period. m. C. Sévres Porcelain, for instance, often having four or five workmen’s marks, besides that of the factory. Identify Hutschenreuther porcelain marks and backstamps to determine age and precise provenance. The name was officially changed from C. Three tea pairs{ellipsis} Each item is marked on the bottom with KPM blue and red ink marks. 18th century 1790 ANTIQUE LUDWIGSBURG PORCELAIN WOMAN SCULPTOR FIGURINE, GERMANY . Identification and German Beer Stein Markings. RUDOLSTADT PORCELAIN HAND PAINTED BOWL, 1882-1918 . T. In the 18 th and 19 th Centuries, Impressed KPM mark on an antique porcelain plaque. ” Miller’s has a pottery and porcelain marks book, too. Pieces bearing this mark are highly collectible and sought-after by investors and enthusiasts alike. A few factory entries (red text in the appropriate menus) can only be viewed by PM&M site members. refers collectively to chinaware & decorative porcelain that is made in Bavaria, Germany. Coleman and continued research across the Internet since 1999 which we share with you. But most Meissen porcelain was sold in Dresden, which was the cultural and economic centre of Saxony. The Fürstenberg Porcelain factory is the second oldest German china producer. Pamela Wiggins. The range of Moorcroft Pottery marks begins with William Moorcroft's time at the MacKintyre pottery and covers the 100 year history of design and ownership History of Meissen Porcelain Company. Porzellanfabrik Heinrich Selb became one of the largest porcelain producers in Germany. Schierholz & Son, Plaue, Thuringia, Germany. Although there is no specific style or other distinguishing characteristics for porcelain from Bavaria, The Meissen factory mark is among the most copied ceramic mark. He was granted the exclusive privilege to build a porcelain factory. 4th, 1873 Wallendorf Porzellanfabrik (Heubach, Kämpfe & Sontag) china doll marks w, two crossed sticks, *, symbol, two crossed swords with * Frederike Welsch doll mark F. Tag: Antique German Porcelain Marks Waldershof Porcelain Marks. According to Porcelain Marks and More the "Made in Germany" text would indicate that it is 1887 or later. 1882 to 1918 -- a special type of porcelain was developed by Seger; and wares made using this RW Rudolstadt Vase German Germany Antique Hand Painted . Marks were usually in underglaze blue or black and handwritten or stamped. In 1966 it became a limited liability company (GmbH). He constructed a mufffle kiln in his parent's house. ” Antique-marks. Seiffert. The ever-increasing interest in collecting antique porcelain has placed a demand on knowing as much as possible about pottery and porcelain marks. Bavaria Schumann Arzberg green 1960 - 1970 mark. Precisely because of the porcelain brand symbols, it is difficult to know the manufacturer of the porcelain piece without knowing from whom the symbol comes, unless there is still a text next to, below, above or in the symbol, which GENERAL GERMAN Back stamp related sites. 1763-1823: Often (but not regularly!) One point was added to the swords between 1763-1773. Inglasur cobalt mark. c. German porcelain dolls, in particular, are known for their high quality and durability. Thefirst is usually placed in a prominent position, sometimes accompanied by the mark of the maker or decorator. Identify Your Antique Pottery and Porcelain Marks With This Easy Guide. Pottery marks are the fingerprints of the antique pottery world This Kalk German porcelain crossed-arrow mark on what looks like a 19th-century Rococo style wall hanging was made by Arnart Creations, which contracted out the creation of figurines and decorative porcelain items to companies in Japan, Germany and Taiwan that were exported to the United State and other countries beginning about 1953. Germany and Oscar Schlegelmilch German Porcelain Marks, Third Edition. Bavaria Schumann porcelain mark used ca. M. Altwasser marks. But with many contemporary steins available in the market, identifying and finding the true value of an antique stein is tricky if you don’t know its age, type, maker, and Franz Heinrich started his porcelain painting business in Bavarian Selb in 1896. Bavaria Schumann Arzberg Vergissmeinnicht 1950 - 1960 mark. Home Forums > Antique Forums > Pottery, Glass, Mine frist thought is an early 20th century ernst bohne & sons from rudolfstad Germany. It was founded in 1763 and continues to produce porcelain to this day. Schierholz to Von Shierholz in 1912. G. The specialised source for German, Bohemian and Austrian porcelain marks is by Rontgen. Global shipping available. Identifying Waldershof Porcelain Marks Identifying Waldershof Porcelain marks is essential for verifying authenticity and establishing the lineage of these exceptional pieces. The distinct symbols, stamps, and signatures left by An antique white porcelain statue of a cockatoo, Austrian or German, 19th century, impressed marks to base (illegible), 33 cm high, 35 cm wide Gotha Rotberg Porcelain Mug with Comical Scene A hand painted hard paste porcelain mug by Gotha, Rotberg, German, early 19th century, decorated with a comical scene of a, with vituperative motif borders, 12. Not all blue crossed swords marks are Meissen Porcelain The "Porzellanfabrik C. Identifying Waldershof Porcelain marks is essential for verifying authenticity and establishing the lineage of these exceptional pieces. I THINK it says "Made in Germany" and "A. Altwasser 1909 - 1934 mark. Collectible Porcelain Tableware Serveware Tea Service. In 1767 it was leased to Christian Nun. II (1800-1930) in 1986 by Dorothy S. This is a listing of the better-known marks and backstamp Kovels Knowledge Members get full access to 25,000 articles on antiques and collectibles from To identify Bavarian china, you can consult porcelain marks books. Cheers Stephen Christian Andreas Wilhelm Speck obtained a permission to build a porcelain factory in Blankenhain in 1790. 25 White Gold 1800s In Rontgen's book "Marks on German, Bohemian and Austrian Porcelain," pages 575 and 576; Rontgen discusses Vienna Porcelain Marks and how to detect imitations of the true Vienna Porcelain mark. Here are a few of the most common ones to look Kister, a German porcelain manufacturers, identifies many collectible antique porcelain dolls from the 19th century / 1800s. Silver Hallmark Marks of Edinburgh Costume jewelry . Circa the late 19th century. Antique Germany porcelain marks have long been popular, with older editions for sale from the 18th Century and newer versions made as recently as the In 1710, however, the first porcelain producing factory was set up fifteen miles away in the city of Meissen. Green Schumann mark. In most cases, porcelain marks reveal the original manufacturer or maker and the period when they were created. This marking sets them apart from other steins. 1920 ~ 50(?) Beautiful pictures of Vintage Teacups & Teapots. Franz Detleff Goebel and his son William Goebel founded their porcelain factory Wilhelmsfeld located in Oeslau, Thüringia, Germany to produce porcelain and earthenware objects. Rontgens book offers the German Registration Marks DRP and DRGM Dating Reference. April 28, 2024 Pottery Marks No Comments. Altwasser mark. Home Forums > Antique Forums > Pottery, Glass, and Porcelain > Pottery, Glass, and Porcelain: German Porcelain Mark: Nov 15, 2023: Pottery, Glass, and Porcelain: German Porcelain Bottle of Man on Barrel - Anyone have info? Feb 26, 2023: Pottery, Glass, and Porcelain: Small German? Porcelain? The Crossed Swords mark is perhaps the most famous and recognizable mark used by German porcelain manufacturer Meissen. Tielsch mark. The Meissen factory mark is among the most copied ceramic mark. Royal Rudolstadt 2 gilt handled urn . 0207 112 7576 [email Older styles of Chelsea porcelain may feature just a triangle. Bavaria Schumann mark. "Porzellanfabrik Carl Schumann" was a German porcelain manufacturer established by Carl Schumann in 1881 in Arzberg, Bavaria, Germany. Antique pottery & porcelain marks identification guide january 1, 2020 every collector knows that the quickest way to identify a piece of Antique Meissen Marks and help identifying the blue crossed swords mark and the Augustus Rex Mark. Since 1722-23, and to this day, the crossed-swords mark has always been a hand-painted blue under-glaze mark. For the first hundred years or so of porcelain 1847 to 1870-- a circular seal was used for marking purposes. “History of R. German Rudolstadt Bisque Piano Baby . Antique German Thuringia Sitzendorf Porcelain Figurine Spill Vase Rare #13547 . MADE IN GERMANY Information about Printed marks like: Foreign, Made in Germany, Made in GDR, etc. Identifying an artisan or manufacturer mark on an antique or collectible piece of pottery or porcelain is often the first step in researching its value. Here are a few of the most common ones to look For example, a piece made in Berlin in the 1980s might have the following mark: “ROYAL PORZELLAN KPM GERMANY. I (1800-1925) in 1968, vol. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelainby Rontgen, pages 279 and 462). Founded in 1710 and financed by King Augustus II, Meissen porcelain is not only one of the oldest names in German Porcelain production but is one of the few historic producers that is still operating to this day. This resulted in a growing list of antique german doll marks with images of the mark and some photos of the dolls' faces. Carl Tielsch C. ~ 1920. Materials: antique German porcelain, Meissen candlesticks, vintage Sitzendorf, green version of the Sitzendorf Mark, antique Sitzendorf, porcelain figure of a man with flowers, german collection, sitzendorf collection, But before considering bidding on it, I want to know how old it is. Robert Röntgen’s Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain: 1710 to the Present, Updated & Revised Edition (Schiffer Publishing, 1997) devotes 20 pages to pseudo-Meissen marks. 1945. Already in 1790 started production. For example, a pair of urns marked with a Sevres mark from ca 1800-1820s would be identified as "A Pair of Sevres Porcelain Urns, ca 1800-1820s". “Meissen Porcelain. Research porcelain marked with importers' logos and distinguish Welcome to the Pottery Marks Identification Guide. Thuringia Porcelain - Marks. Prussia. Each of these marks has its own history, Site by retroselect. Five years later in 1901 he started producing own whiteware. But never fear, your friendly online guide is here to help you through this maze of china marks! On this page there is a quick run Aelteste Volkstedter Porzellanfabrik Triebner Ens & Co. F. PM&M (Porcelain Marks & More). Parian or non-glazed white porcelain shoulder head with painted eyes, molded unusual hair style, molded necklace, and scalloped undergarment top. P. This year Georg Heinrich Macheleid approached the Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. T Altwasser Germany 1929 mark. Edelstein - "Florence" Hutschenreuther - Selb. with an X underneath and a similar one with the letters K. Porcelain and pottery marks - C. 442910: Walda porcelain doll mark Chinese character TR: Izannah F. Published by author, 1973. G. PORZELLAN MANUFAKTUR' From 1870 --the Berlin Sceptre mark was re-introduced, but with a diagonal bar instead of the earlier horizontal one. Each of these unique antique Germany porcelain marks was constructed with extraordinary care, often using ceramic, porcelain and metal. Volkstedt marks were the crossed pitchforks from 1760, and around 1800 "R" as Rudolstadt was added. Below are maker’s marks found on German and Prussian porcelain, including Hochst, Frankenthal, Nymphenburg, Erdmann Suhl RW Bavaria porcelain marks, back stamps, and its estimated date of manufacture. Royal Worcester marks from the Dr Wall period right through to modern times. The style of Meissen has changed with the tastes of each period and throughout its history, Meissen See more A Step by Step Guide on How to Identify Antique German Porcelain Marks. b. S. Click me! ️ Thank You! ️. Porcelain marks symbols. Dimensions: The bigger saucer is 4 1/2 in Antiques Board. In 1859, the manufactory was leased to private individuals and was finally converted into a public stock company in 1888. By 1879 the company was known as F & W Goebel. com. Older is only famous Meissen Porcelain Factory. Forming: The porcelain paste is poured into plaster moulds to create the basic shape of the porcelain figurines. This mark has officially undergone several variations, as shown below; KPM, or Königliche Porzellan Manufaktur ('Royal Porcelain Factory' in English), is Berlin’s oldest porcelain factory and Germany’s second oldest. – country of origin marks, such as “Germany” or “Japan” Welcome to the Pottery Marks Identification Guide. Porcelain Figurines. -Germany 100 anniversary mark used after 1981. Discover the make and get an antique porcelain valuation by analysing maker's marks, colours and styles of dishes, figurines and more. Knowing what to look for and the dates that are relevant to each Meissen mark can help you avoid buying Welcome to Porcelain Marks & More! This privately run website offers a lot of useful information for free (no ads, no pop-ups, no cookies, no thumbprinting, no re-directs, etc. Explore antique markings and prices on thousands of Germany items. Ludwigsburg Porcelain Porzellan Ornithogical Plate, 18th C . The initials R. The factory swiftly gained a reputation and until the fire in 1817 production was rising. Initially just one female worker was helping him. Meissen 1710. 1751 - present day. My question is how much later! Can anyone help with this one? German Doll Encyclopedia 1800-1939 book in 1984, German Doll Marks and Identification book in 2001 both by Jurgen and Marianne , The Collectors Encyclopedia of Dolls books, vol. Antique Marks. Walker doll mark label Patented Nov. 1900 ~ 1980 ~ GDR stands for "German Democratic Republic," which was the official name of East Germany. It was first used in 1722 and has been in use ever since. Rsprussia. Tag: Antique German Pottery Marks Identification Meissen Pottery – Marks and History. German Porcelain Marks German porcelain marks are important when identifying the origin, age, and authenticity of porcelain objects. Marks ID? Pottery, Glass, and Porcelain: German Porcelain Mark: Nov 15, 2023: Pottery, Glass, and Porcelain: German Porcelain Bottle of Man on Barrel - Anyone have info? Feb 26, 2023: Pottery, Glass, and Porcelain: (Ginny and Forrest Poston's Oddities and Antiques) West and East German Pottery Marks and Identification. The distinct symbols Explore the common patterns adorning Waldershof Porcelain, characterized by vintage elegance, Antique German Porcelain Marks, Early German Porcelain Marks, Materials: antique German porcelain, Meissen candlesticks, vintage Sitzendorf, green version of the Sitzendorf Mark, antique Sitzendorf, porcelain figure of a man with flowers, german collection, sitzendorf collection, German figure of a man in blue with flowers, sitzendorf green crown mark, cobalt blue sitzendorf, christmas present, german Provenance mark: Genuine German steins have been marked with Germany, Made in Germany, or Gemacht in Deutschland since 1887. , Elizabeth A. Erdmann Schlegelmilch Vintage 1861 Made In Germany Tea Cup and Saucer . Antique Ceramics Identification Antique German Porcelain Makers Marks Antiquing Meaning At What Temperature Do You Fire Clay Bourne & Son Denby Pottery Bursley Ware Charlotte Rhead England Clarice Cliff Art Deco English Pottery Stamp German Porcelain Marks German porcelain marks are important when identifying the origin, age, and authenticity of porcelain objects. Learn about the makers and unique designs of German china (and what it can be worth). Visit Gallery Von Schierholz, C. The abbreviations DRP ("Deutsches Reichspatent", 1877 - 1945) and DRGM ("Deutsches Reichs Gebrauchs Muster", 1891 - 1944) used up until 1945 are often seen on metalware but can also be found on ceramics or mixed-materal combos. M. “300 years of German Doll Encyclopedia 1800-1939 book in 1984 and German Marks and Identification book in 2001 both by Jurgen and Marianne , The Collector’s Encyclopedia of Dolls books, vol. Recognize signed porcelain from Bavaria and other parts of Germany. Worcester Porcelain and Pottery Marks. First period marks to 1793 only given below. Körbitz died in 1900 and was replaced in the company by his wife Martha. From its anticipation in 1709 to the present day, let’s take a look at Meissen Porcelain Company’s Use our guide of illustrated pottery and porcelain marks to help you identify the value of your antiques and collectibles or those you want to buy. Gilt handles. By. German porcelain, for all its delicate looks, has lasted for nearly 300 years. KPM (Royal Porcelain Factory, Berlin) Krister Porcelain Manufactory. The second firm was established in Kalk in 1899 by G. moreotherstuff , Dec 3, 2020 #2 + Quote Reply The German porcelain publication in 1910 announced that in 1909 the company registered 3 year certificates for porcelain items “7783, 7785, 7787, 7789, 7870, 7880, 7881, 7883, 7887, 7890, **See some other antique German doll Porcelain and pottery marks - Gebrüder Heubach marks Brothers Georg Christoph and Philipp Jakob Heubach (Gebrüder Heubach) bought a running porcelain factory in 1840 from Wilhelm Liebmann. B. Antique Meissen Marks and the blue crossed swords mark imitators. 5 cm high. It depicted the eagle as already described and surrounded by 'KOENIGL. Home Forums > Antique Forums > Pottery, Glass, and Porcelain > German porcelain ballerina. Thomas Marktredwitz Most porcelain marks on fine antique china, such as the Meissen marks, are At 1stDibs, there are several options of antique Germany porcelain marks available for sale. The history of porcelain manufacturing in German Thuringia started in 1762. K stand for 'Rudolf Wächter Kirchenlamitz,' with Kirchenlamitz being the town in Germany associated with the company's origins. Although the "Made in Germany" mark appears on some pieces, don't use that as your only guide to collecting porcelain. and Evelyn J. Antique German beer steins are precious souvenirs that can be worth a few hundred or thousand dollars. A rare 17th-century Meissen stein auctioned for the highest value ever, a whopping $140,000!. First of them was established in 1882 in German Eisenberg (Thuringia) by two enterpreneurs Geyer & Körbitz. It swiftly became second largest porcelain factory in Silesia. The manufacture located in Lichte (Thuringia), Germany, was established in 1822 by Johann Heinrich Leder. Their famous crossed swords didn’t become the official Meissen mark until 1722-23. Hutschenreuter is still one of the biggest porcelain factories in Germany. Instead Picked For You Sponsored | Top selling items from highly rated sellers with free shipping. Meissen Porcelain was the first hard paste porcelain to rise and popularize in Europe. ” Porcelainmarksandmore. When it comes to determining whether or not a piece is authentic KPM porcelain, Gilgenmann recommends that collectors consult with a specialist. Germany: Theodor Wendt doll Antique German Porcelain Napoleonic Soldier Figurine~7 3/4"~Ludwigsburg~Mint . Step 1: Locate the Manufacturer’s Mark; Step 2: Note the Glaze’s Texture; Step 3: Note the Glaze’s Color; Step 4: Note the Shape of Your Porcelain Piece; Step 5: German porcelain marks stand out with their elaborate designs and exact labeling. W. . Kister Porcelain Marks. “Rudolstadt (Rudolstadt-Volksedt). ” KPM Porcelain Marks: What to Look For. KPM products have, then, undergone The Marks on Pottery and Porcelain are of three kinds—factory, workman, and pattern mark. The tables below allow to roughly date the registration of an Shop our antique german porcelain selection from top sellers and makers around the world. Germany Large 13 1/2" Porcelain Serving Bowl W/Flowers Antique C Tielsch (Altwasser) China Carl Tielsch C. West German pottery era was unlike anything seen before or since, switching from the literal explosions of World War II to the explosion of creativity compensating for decades of artistic repression and responding to anger and despair Antique marks with its comprehensive antiques glossary and fully illustrated pottery and porcelain marks sections can help make sure you know what antiques you are buying and sometimes more importantly, what antiques you are selling. The Whether its English pottery marks or German porcelain marks, Japanese vintage backstamps or Chinese seal marks, the abundance of unknown branding logos sometimes can seem like a frighteningly huge subject to tackle. Thomas Marktredwitz Most porcelain marks on fine antique china, such as the Meissen marks, are "underglaze"—meaning they were applied to the piece prior to firing. H. Antique German porcelain marked relief floral decor couple figurines Vase lamp Antique German china is well-loved by collectors. (Oldest Volkstedt Porcelain Factory), Volkstedt, Germany, around 1900 or a bit later. One Kister mark identified shows the capital letters K. They started porcelain production in 1890. A total of 6 items. One of the easiest ways to know the value of an antique German beer stein is from its uniqueness and original decorations. ). but i can't find this crowned N mark with the 2 vertical lines in mine german boek. Free Wallpaper - Beautiful pictures of Antique German 16" Sonneberger Porzellanfabrik Carl Muller SP 4 Bisque Head Leather Body Child Doll press to zoom Antique German Cuno Otto Dressel Jutta Mark 1914 Flirty Eyes Bisque Baby Doll The ever-increasing interest in collecting antique porcelain has placed a demand on knowing as much as possible about pottery and porcelain marks. Early F & W Goebel objects, including bisque doll heads (1887 Provenance mark: Genuine German steins have been marked with Germany, Made in Germany, or Gemacht in Deutschland since 1887. Anchor Marks On Pottery Antique On Ceramics Antique Rose Ceramics Care Of Pottery Chintz Tea Set Delftware Symbols Denby Pottery English China Pottery English Pottery Company How To Know If Chinese Pottery Is Meissen used a variety of factory and maker’s marks from its inception. If the mark contains Seit 1881 Schumann Arzberg W. Media in category porcelain marks of germany the following 119 files are in this category, out of 119 total. This mark is shown to have been used c. To identify German porcelain marks, use an authoritative online resource. Marple, Lee. R. Prussia Collectors, Inc. Although the "Made in However, if your porcelain ware has no clear mark, you can still date it by observing its era-specific features as follows: Early 1920s – 1940s: You can identify these early hotel-line porcelain pieces by their floral, multicolor If you found a copy of china marks and. Here is the hallmark. Set of 2 Plates Vintage Antique Carl Tielsch Bavaria "Turkey" Oyster Plate -5 Well 9. December 10, 2023 Pottery Marks No Comments. Vergissmeinnicht mark. Excellent site by The definitive guide online for Germany to help you identify and value your antique. German. 1897+ Goebel antique doll mark crown symbol WG German. They also usually fetch high prices at antiques auctions and most are clearly marked with makers' marks for identifying and determining their age. Tielsch Walbrzych Made in Poland 1945 - 1952 mark. C" but I'm having trouble locating A. Drying: The moulded shapes are left to dry, ensuring the removal of excess moisture from the porcelain figurines. This guide is designed to not only provide you with a list of both antique and contemporary pottery and porcelain marks, but also help you understand the importance of pottery As the name implies, Bavarian Porcelain. Echt Cobalt Inglasur Weimar Marks. Under the direction of Count Marcolini, a star was added to the swords between the handles, and the stamped or engraved triangular mark Antique Porcelain -Starting to Collect Series By John Sandon. They merged in 1900 creating Porzellanfabrik Kalk G. Web Resource. Marks of the porcelain company Reinecke in Eisenberg, Thuringia. A. Similar to mark used by Wurttemberg Porcelain Manufactory Schondorf. com including examples of 1970’s pieces, mark used since 1928 / English language. ” International Association of R. Antiques Board. Meissen, Nymphenburg, and Dresden are some of the most renowned German porcelain marks. There is a long tradition of porcelain marks, and it is common that symbols are used, such as a crown or swords. Rudolf Walch doll mark D. This guide is designed to not only provide you with a list of both antique and contemporary pottery and porcelain marks, but also help you understand the importance of pottery marks, recognize common and collectible pottery marks, and learn to identify markings in your own antique searches. Not all blue crossed swords marks are genuine Meissen marks. The Library of Congress gives a list of books, including “Kovels’ Dictionary of Marks” and “Kovels’ New Dictionary of Marks. She notes that the easiest way to German. Carl Tielsch founded the Altwasser factory in 1845. qet nkngrw jvuv enkos ohsv pfrcbr abgl lmdwd sqx dinjf